Thermal runaway in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) occurs when heat generation surpasses dissipation, triggering a dangerous feedback loop that can lead to fires, explosions, and toxic emissions. Immersion cooling offers a vital solution by directly managing heat at its source, effectively. Thermal runaway represents one of the most critical safety challenges in modern energy storage systems, particularly in lithium-ion battery technologies. Once thermal runaway occurs, it can trigger intense heat release, fire, or even explosion, and may rapidly propagate from a single cell to modules. When an event of thermal runaway occurs in such a large-capacity battery system, it can trigger devastating consequences, including widespread fires, grid disturbances, and even pose significant risks to personnel. The underlying issue is that the very nature of modern energy storage.
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