This review examines the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life management of SSBs, starting with the extraction and processing of raw materials, and highlights.
What is the manufacturing approach for solid-state batteries?
The manufacturing approach for solid-state batteries is going to be highly dependent on the material properties of the solid electrolyte. There are a range of solid electrolytes materials currently being examined for solid-state batteries and generally include polymer, sulfide, oxides, and/or halides (Fig. 2 a).
Are solid state inorganic batteries still in development?
These electrolytes are still in the development stage as several challenges have to be addressed to improve the cycle life of all solid state inorganic batteries (ASSIBs), along with the reduction of cost of production . Ferrari et al. (2021) discussed solid state post-Li metal ion batteries including K, Ca, Mg, Na based batteries.
What are the challenges faced by solid state battery technology?
Solid state battery technologies based on the different classes of solid electrolytes face various technological challenges such as the scale-up of material production, production of the different battery components and compatibilities between their performance aspects .
Do solid-state batteries have a life cycle impact?
Consequently, only six studies have been identified which discuss the life cycle impact of production and use of solid-state batteries in a sufficient degree. These studies mostly use assumptions regarding the performance of battery technologies at different stages of their life cycle and have a major focus on mobility applications.
For forming, the cell is charged and discharged with low currents. It is expected that for solid-state batteries, one cycle is sufficient to complete the forming process . In the next step the cell is monitored for several days under controlled conditions to identify damaged cells.
Can solid-state batteries be manufactured?
It is likely that solid-state batteries will adopt manufacturing approaches from both the solid oxide fuel cell and conventional battery manufacturing community. Ultimately, advanced coating technologies are necessary to achieve control over microstructure, interfaces, and form factor.