Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply
The production of battery-grade raw materials also contributes substantially to the carbon footprint of LIBs production in China from spodumene concentrate produced in Australia: Australia contributes to over 90% of the global supply of spodumene concentrate. 35 China dominates the refining stage. 5: Kelly et al. 37; Wernet et al. 38
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